聯系人:張經理
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利(li)用(yong)相(xiang)轉化的(de)(de)(de)(de)原理,利(li)用(yong)冷軋(ya)將亞(ya)穩(wen)態(tai)奧氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)組(zu)織轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)應(ying)(ying)變(bian)馬氏(shi)體(ti)(ti),然后在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)溫度和時間下退火,得(de)(de)到(dao)平(ping)均晶(jing)粒尺(chi)寸為(wei)(wei)500nm和22m的(de)(de)(de)(de)納(na)米(mi)晶(jing)/超(chao)(chao)細(xi)(xi)晶(jing)是(shi)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼管(guan)。通過拉伸試驗獲得(de)(de)301LN奧氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)能,當變(bian)形(xing)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)0.1時,通過TEM觀(guan)察試樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)微組(zu)織,通過SEM觀(guan)察斷口形(xing)狀(zhuang)特征。結果(guo)表明,301LN奧氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼管(guan)晶(jing)粒尺(chi)寸由(you)粗晶(jing)細(xi)(xi)化為(wei)(wei)納(na)米(mi)晶(jing)/超(chao)(chao)細(xi)(xi)晶(jing),屈服強度提高(gao)2.3倍。低屈服強度的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗晶(jing)301LN奧氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼管(guan)在(zai)塑性(xing)(xing)變(bian)形(xing)過程中發生TRIP效(xiao)應(ying)(ying),獲得(de)(de)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)塑性(xing)(xing)。 TWIP 效(xiao)應(ying)(ying),即(ji)從(cong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)變(bian)形(xing)機制獲得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉伸試樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)(huai),都是(shi)延性(xing)(xing)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)。變(bian)形(xing)機制從(cong)TRIP 效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)到(dao)TWIP 效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化是(shi)由(you)于晶(jing)粒細(xi)(xi)化導(dao)致奧氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)大幅(fu)增加(jia)。
奧(ao)(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)是不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)最主要的(de)一種(zhong),其產量(liang)和消(xiao)費量(liang)占(zhan)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)總產量(liang)和消(xiao)費量(liang)的(de)70%左右。奧(ao)(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)是一種(zhong)很好(hao)的(de)材料,具有(you)(you)良好(hao)的(de)低(di)溫性能、較強(qiang)的(de)抗腐蝕性能、良好(hao)的(de)塑性和延展(zhan)性,以(yi)及較高的(de)抗拉強(qiang)度,廣(guang)泛應用于低(di)溫技術、海洋工程、生化等行業。一]。結構(gou)件具有(you)(you)機(ji)械品(pin)質因數要求(qiu),因為(wei)結構(gou)件通常承受(shou)各種(zhong)載荷,例如拉伸、壓縮、彎曲、扭轉和沖擊,并(bing)且(qie)經常以(yi)過度變形、尺(chi)寸變化或斷裂的(de)形式(shi)失效(xiao)。但是,這(zhe)種(zhong)奧(ao)(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)屈服(fu)強(qiang)度很低(di),極大地(di)限制(zhi)了其作為(wei)結構(gou)件的(de)使用。隨著(zhu)人(ren)類(lei)社會的(de)快(kuai)速發展(zhan),對奧(ao)(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)屈服(fu)強(qiang)度性能提出了更(geng)高的(de)要求(qiu),這(zhe)已成(cheng)為(wei)高強(qiang)度高塑性奧(ao)(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)發展(zhan)的(de)推動力之(zhi)一[2]。
加(jia)強(qiang)措施有(you)很多(duo)方法(fa)可以(yi)達到高強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)。許(xu)多(duo)強(qiang)化(hua)方法(fa)不(bu)(bu)能兼顧(gu)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)和塑性(xing)(xing),往(wang)往(wang)增(zeng)加(jia)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)但大大降低塑性(xing)(xing)。細(xi)化(hua)顆粒(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)僅可以(yi)顯著(zhu)提高強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du),而且還可以(yi)使(shi)塑性(xing)(xing)基本(ben)保持不(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或保持很小的(de)(de)(de)程度(du)(du)(du)。根(gen)據最近的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),應(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)誘導(dao)(dao)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)體結(jie)合退火是細(xi)化(hua)奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效方法(fa)[3~6]。冷變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)將奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)體,然(ran)后通過退火使(shi)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)體再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)得到納(na)米晶(jing)(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細(xi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體,在(zai)實驗(yan)室中實現了優異的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)和塑性(xing)(xing)匹配。奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)。這種(zhong)高強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)納(na)米晶(jing)(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細(xi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)可以(yi)通過細(xi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)強(qiang)化(hua)獲得優異的(de)(de)(de)屈(qu)服強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du),并且在(zai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)過程中具有(you)優異的(de)(de)(de)TRIP(變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)誘導(dao)(dao)塑性(xing)(xing))效應(ying)或TWIP(纏繞(rao)誘導(dao)(dao)塑性(xing)(xing))效應(ying),導(dao)(dao)致可塑性(xing)(xing)和優良的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能優勢(shi)。顯示[7]。奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)機理對(dui)(dui)其力學性(xing)(xing)能有(you)非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)影響。然(ran)而,國內外對(dui)(dui)奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)體鋼(gang)(gang)通過晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)細(xi)化(hua),尤(you)其是晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)細(xi)化(hua)為納(na)米晶(jing)(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細(xi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)機理研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)少。
本文以(yi)301LN奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)為實驗(yan)材料,采用逆相變原理,以(yi)奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)的應用前景和國內奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)的晶粒細化及(ji)變形(xing)機理研(yan)究(jiu)為目的。和國外(wai)。通過(guo)冷軋(ya)和退火獲得納米晶/超細奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan),與粗奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)相比,在拉伸試驗(yan)中研(yan)究(jiu)了組織和力學性能的演變。
1 實驗材料與方法
試(shi)驗(yan)材料為(wei)(wei)一般(ban)301LN奧氏體不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管,各(ge)合金元(yuan)素比(bi)含量(質量分數)為(wei)(wei)0.017%C、0.52Si、1.29%Mn、17.3%Cr、6.5%Ni、0.15%Mo、0.15% . NS。理論公式[2]計算(suan)的堆垛層錯能(neng)量為(wei)(wei)15.7 mJ/m2。將鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)在(zai)實驗(yan)室冷軋(ya)機中冷變(bian)形至77%應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian),然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)(yong)熱模擬器退火,將鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)快速加熱至700和(he)(he)1000,分別保(bao)溫100s和(he)(he)1s,然(ran)后(hou)迅(xun)速冷卻至室溫。冷軋(ya)和(he)(he)退火工藝獲(huo)得納米晶(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細(NG/UFG)和(he)(he)粗(cu)晶(jing)(jing)(CG)奧氏體不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)Navo400場發射掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)顯微(wei)鏡(SEM)進(jin)(jin)行結構(gou)觀(guan)(guan)察(cha),使(shi)用(yong)(yong)萬能(neng)試(shi)驗(yan)機進(jin)(jin)行拉伸測(ce)試(shi),制(zhi)備應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)0.1,拉伸速率(lv)0.004s-1的納米晶(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細晶(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)粗(cu)晶(jing)(jing)樣品(pin);應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)日(ri)立透(tou)射電(dian)子(zi)(zi)顯微(wei)鏡(TEM)在(zai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)0.1的情(qing)況下觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)樣品(pin)的微(wei)觀(guan)(guan)結構(gou),并使(shi)用(yong)(yong)JEOL-6300 FV掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)顯微(wei)鏡分析拉伸斷口形貌。
2 結果與分析
2.1 奧氏(shi)體粒度分(fen)布
301LN奧(ao)氏體不銹(xiu)鋼管在(zai)不同溫度和時(shi)間退(tui)(tui)火后(hou)的顯(xian)微組織(zhi)見如(ru)圖1。 700-100秒(miao)加工后(hou),馬氏體完(wan)全(quan)轉變為奧(ao)氏體,與冷變形時(shi)形成的板條狀不同,奧(ao)氏體晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒幾乎(hu)是等軸的如(ru)圖1(a))。同時(shi),由于退(tui)(tui)火溫度低,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒長大(da)不明顯(xian),大(da)部分(fen)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒非常細小(xiao)。但試樣經1000處理后(hou)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗化,組織(zhi)基(ji)本為粗大(da)奧(ao)氏體晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒,如(ru)如(ru)圖1(b)所示(shi)。大(da)多數在(zai)700 C 下退(tui)(tui)火的晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒是納米晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)/超細晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒,94% 的晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒尺寸(cun)小(xiao)于1 m 的平均晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒尺寸(cun)為500 nm,而在(zai)1000 C 下退(tui)(tui)火的結構的平均晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒尺寸(cun)為~22 微米。
2.2 力(li)學性能和變形(xing)行為
圖2 顯示了用(yong)于(yu)納(na)米晶(jing)/超細晶(jing)粒(li)和(he)(he)粗晶(jing)粒(li)301LN 奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)拉伸測(ce)試的(de)工程應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)工程應(ying)(ying)變(bian)曲(qu)線。納(na)米晶(jing)/超細晶(jing)粒(li)301LN奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)拉伸曲(qu)線具有(you)明顯的(de)屈服(fu)(fu)平臺,屈服(fu)(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)高(gao)達939 MPa,拉伸強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)和(he)(he)伸長(chang)率(lv)分(fen)別為1098 MPa和(he)(he)38.8%。良(liang)好的(de)強(qiang)(qiang)力(li)(li)塑料匹配(pei)。但預制(zhi)301LN奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)拉伸曲(qu)線沒(mei)有(you)屈服(fu)(fu)平臺,隨(sui)著應(ying)(ying)變(bian)的(de)不(bu)斷增(zeng)大(da),拉伸應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)也隨(sui)之增(zeng)大(da),將0.2%應(ying)(ying)變(bian)處的(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)定(ding)義為屈服(fu)(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du),約為410 MPa強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)和(he)(he)伸長(chang)率(lv)分(fen)別為905 MPa 和(he)(he)54.2%。由于(yu)晶(jing)粒(li)細化作用(yong),外力(li)(li)引起的(de)塑性變(bian)形可以分(fen)散成更多的(de)晶(jing)粒(li),應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)集中較小,位錯開始運動所(suo)需的(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)較高(gao)。晶(jing)界面積越大(da),位錯運動受到干擾時的(de)屈服(fu)(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)越高(gao)[8]。 301LN奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)將晶(jing)粒(li)細化為納(na)米晶(jing)/超微晶(jing)后,屈服(fu)(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)可提高(gao)2.3倍。
塑(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)對材料(liao)(liao)性(xing)能(neng)起著(zhu)決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。奧氏體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)在受外應(ying)(ying)力作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亞穩(wen)態奧氏體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)生TRIP效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)或TWIP效(xiao)應(ying)(ying),從而產(chan)生優異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗拉(la)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)高塑(su)(su)性(xing)[7]。使用(yong)透射(she)電子顯(xian)微鏡,觀察了(le)(le)(le)應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)率為(wei)0.1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)納(na)(na)米(mi)晶(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細顆粒(li)和(he)粒(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)301LN奧氏體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微觀結(jie)構,并分析(xi)了(le)(le)(le)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)微觀結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。圖3(a) 顯(xian)示了(le)(le)(le)應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)=0.1 時(shi)納(na)(na)米(mi)晶(jing)(jing)/超(chao)細晶(jing)(jing)301LN 奧氏體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微觀結(jie)構。可(ke)以看出,奧氏體(ti)(ti)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)中(zhong)(zhong)含有大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層狀(zhuang)(zhuang)斷層,層狀(zhuang)(zhuang)斷層中(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)細小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)構,圖3。 3(b)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衍射(she)圖證明該結(jie)構為(wei)FCC結(jie)構,微針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)結(jie)構為(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)孿晶(jing)(jing)。在粗晶(jing)(jing)301LN奧氏體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong),在粗晶(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現少量板條狀(zhuang)(zhuang)組織(zhi),通過(guo)衍射(she)圖確(que)定為(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)氏體(ti)(ti)(見圖3(c)和(he)3(d))。此外,該樣(yang)本(ben)具有大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位錯(cuo)簇。 TEM 結(jie)果表明,TWIP 效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)發(fa)(fa)生在納(na)(na)米(mi)晶(jing)(jing)/超(chao)晶(jing)(jing)301LN 奧氏體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)。在塑(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),大(da)量位錯(cuo)在剪(jian)切應(ying)(ying)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下沿(yan)滑(hua)(hua)動面移動,當它們與障礙(ai)物碰(peng)撞時(shi),它們就固定下來,造成(cheng)(cheng)堵塞和(he)纏結(jie)。隨(sui)著(zhu)應(ying)(ying)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷增(zeng)加,位錯(cuo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)得難以再(zai)次(ci)滑(hua)(hua)移,晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)生孿晶(jing)(jing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)結(jie)構中(zhong)(zhong)出現孿晶(jing)(jing)。孿晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)了(le)(le)(le)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取(qu)向,進(jin)一步刺激了(le)(le)(le)滑(hua)(hua)動,使材料(liao)(liao)表現出更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)塑(su)(su)性(xing)[9];同(tong)時(shi),應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)孿晶(jing)(jing)有效(xiao)地分裂奧氏體(ti)(ti)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)并充當亞晶(jing)(jing)界。防(fang)止滑(hua)(hua)倒。減少位錯(cuo),產(chan)生應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)硬化效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)并使材料(liao)(liao)具有高拉(la)伸強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)[10]。粗晶(jing)(jing)301LN奧氏體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)產(chan)生變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)氏體(ti)(ti)。當奧氏體(ti)(ti)在外力作用(yong)下發(fa)(fa)生塑(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi),位錯(cuo)密度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)加,位錯(cuo)交叉(cha),導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)滑(hua)(hua)動阻力大(da)幅增(zeng)加,機(ji)械上這種現象變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)得更(geng)硬。在應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)區,奧氏體(ti)(ti)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)氏體(ti)(ti),該區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)加,應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)轉移到周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟奧氏體(ti)(ti)上,這種變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化延遲了(le)(le)(le)該區進(jin)一步變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)伸長率均(jun)(jun)勻。在提高材料(liao)(liao)塑(su)(su)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),材料(liao)(liao)在奧氏體(ti)(ti)轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)氏體(ti)(ti)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)主(zhu)要由(you)抗拉(la)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)氏體(ti)(ti)決定[11]。因此,兩組樣(yang)品均(jun)(jun)具有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)伸強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)塑(su)(su)性(xing)。
2.3 裂縫類型
金(jin)屬斷(duan)裂后(hou)獲(huo)得的(de)重合斷(duan)裂面稱為(wei)(wei)斷(duan)口。由于破壞(huai)(huai)總是(shi)發生(sheng)在(zai)結(jie)構最薄弱的(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen),破壞(huai)(huai)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)已(yi)成為(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)析材(cai)料(liao)性能的(de)重要手段。圖(tu)(tu)4和(he)圖(tu)(tu)5分(fen)(fen)別顯(xian)(xian)(xian)示了納(na)米(mi)晶(jing)/超細(xi)(xi)晶(jing)粒301LN奧(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)的(de)拉伸(shen)破壞(huai)(huai)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)。納(na)米(mi)晶(jing)/超細(xi)(xi)晶(jing)301LN奧(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)在(zai)拉伸(shen)破壞(huai)(huai)時(shi)無(wu)(wu)明顯(xian)(xian)(xian)頸(jing)縮,斷(duan)口相對(dui)平(ping)坦(tan),無(wu)(wu)明顯(xian)(xian)(xian)起伏(fu)(見如(ru)圖(tu)(tu)4(a))。被(bei)裂縫覆蓋的(de)酒(jiu)窩(wo);同時(shi),一些酒(jiu)窩(wo)串(chuan)聯起來,形(xing)成帶狀(zhuang)組織(如(ru)圖(tu)(tu)4(b)箭頭);高倍放大(da)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)示,凹(ao)坑(keng)(keng)近似(si)(si)等(deng)軸,直徑(jing)小(xiao),深度大(da),底(di)部(bu)無(wu)(wu)夾雜(za)(za)物(圖(tu)(tu)4(c)),凹(ao)坑(keng)(keng)的(de)平(ping)均(jun)直徑(jing)和(he)標準(zhun)偏差(cha)(cha)分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)401 nm和(he)132 nm .而粗晶(jing)301LN奧(ao)氏體(ti)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)斷(duan)口處有明顯(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)頸(jing)縮,斷(duan)口處有輕微的(de)起伏(fu)(如(ru)圖(tu)(tu)5(a))。如(ru)圖(tu)(tu)5(b))所(suo)示,凹(ao)坑(keng)(keng)底(di)部(bu)無(wu)(wu)夾雜(za)(za)物,高倍形(xing)態(tai)(tai)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)示斷(duan)口近似(si)(si)等(deng)軸,凹(ao)坑(keng)(keng)大(da)而淺(圖(tu)(tu)5c),平(ping)均(jun)直徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)和(he)標準(zhun)偏差(cha)(cha)分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)982 nm 和(he)620 nm。結(jie)果表明,拉伸(shen)破壞(huai)(huai)是(shi)在(zai)不(bu)同變形(xing)機(ji)制下(xia)的(de)延(yan)性破壞(huai)(huai)[12,13]。
2.4 奧氏體穩定性與變形機制
奧氏體(ti)不銹鋼管(guan)的(de)(de)變形主要(yao)受堆垛(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。當(dang)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)小于(yu)15mJ/m2時,變形機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)是TRIP,當(dang)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)在15mJ/m2和(he)(he)20mJ/m2之(zhi)間時,TRIP和(he)(he)TWIP共存,當(dang)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)為(wei)(wei)20mJ/m2時, TRIP 被(bei)TWIP 取代[14-16]。堆垛(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)主要(yao)受合金化(hua)(hua)學成分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)溫度的(de)(de)影響。當(dang)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)為(wei)(wei)15.7 mJ/m2的(de)(de)301LN奧氏體(ti)不銹鋼管(guan)[2,17]的(de)(de)晶(jing)粒尺寸從(cong)粗細(xi)化(hua)(hua)到納米晶(jing)/超細(xi)時,變形機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)從(cong)TRIP轉變為(wei)(wei)TWIP。此(ci)時,僅(jin)僅(jin)考慮(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)錯能(neng)對變形機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)改變是不夠的(de)(de),同(tong)時考慮(lv)奧氏體(ti)的(de)(de)穩定性還需要(yao)更詳細(xi)的(de)(de)解(jie)釋。奧氏體(ti)的(de)(de)穩定性取決于(yu)合金成分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)。
同時,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)對奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)穩定(ding)性(xing)有(you)非(fei)常(chang)明顯(xian)的(de)影響。將奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼管(guan)的(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)細(xi)(xi)化(hua)為(wei)納米晶(jing)(jing)(jing)/超細(xi)(xi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li),顯(xian)著增加奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)穩定(ding)性(xing),將奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)Md30(在30%真應變(bian)條件下),50%的(de)奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)將相應的(de)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)-位點(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)溫(wen)度(du))和(he)Ms(馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)開始(shi)溫(wen)度(du))將明顯(xian)降低(di),奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)向馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)所(suo)需的(de)彈性(xing)應變(bian)能[18]和(he)臨界儲(chu)能[11]急劇增加。這(zhe)使得形(xing)成變(bian)形(xing)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)變(bian)得極其(qi)困難(nan)。 Takaki等[17]根據奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼管(guan)在深冷處理過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)行為(wei),推(tui)導出經驗方(fang)程,計算出各種尺(chi)寸(cun)奧(ao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)中(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)核所(suo)需的(de)彈性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)能,如式(1)所(suo)示(shi)。做過(guo)(guo)。
Ev=1276.1 (x/d)2+ 562.6 (x/d) (1) 其中(zhong)Ev 是單位體(ti)(ti)積奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)核(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需的(de)(de)彈性變(bian)形(xing)(xing)能(neng),x 是馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)板(ban)條的(de)(de)厚度(du),D 是奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)奈特粒(li)度(du)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)板(ban)條厚度(du)為(wei)200 nm的(de)(de)各(ge)種尺(chi)寸奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)核(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需的(de)(de)彈性應(ying)變(bian)能(neng)計(ji)算如如圖6所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)示。奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺(chi)寸為(wei)22m時,Ev約為(wei)6MJ/m3,奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)至500nm時,Ev約為(wei)429MJ/m3。因此(ci),納米晶(jing)(jing)/超細(xi)(xi)(xi)奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)核(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需的(de)(de)Ev約為(wei)粗(cu)相(xiang)變(bian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需量的(de)(de)71.5倍。奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)納米晶(jing)(jing)/超細(xi)(xi)(xi)晶(jing)(jing)中(zhong)很難形(xing)(xing)成應(ying)變(bian)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti),在高(gao)應(ying)力/應(ying)變(bian)條件(jian)下結構轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)應(ying)變(bian)孿晶(jing)(jing)。因此(ci),晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)由粗(cu)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)細(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)為(wei)納米/超細(xi)(xi)(xi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li),奧(ao)(ao)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)機制(zhi)也由TRIP機制(zhi)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)TWIP機制(zhi)。
3 結論
(1)301LN奧氏(shi)體不銹鋼管晶(jing)粒尺寸由粗(cu)晶(jing)粒細(xi)化(hua)為納米晶(jing)/超細(xi)晶(jing)粒,屈服強度提高2.3倍。
(2)粗晶301LN低(di)屈服(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度奧氏體不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管在塑(su)性變形過程(cheng)中(zhong)經(jing)受TRIP效(xiao)應,獲得優(you)異的(de)(de)抗拉(la)強(qiang)(qiang)度和塑(su)性,而(er)高屈服(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)度的(de)(de)納(na)米晶/超細晶301LN奧氏體不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管則經(jing)受TWIP效(xiao)應拉(la)伸它有良好(hao)的(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度和塑(su)性。
(3) 轉變機制從TRIP 到TWIP 的(de)變化是(shi)由于晶(jing)粒細(xi)化導(dao)致奧(ao)氏體穩(wen)定性大幅提高(gao)。